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Without diagnosis and then intervention, pre-diabetes/IH will develop into type 2 diabetes at a rate of 5–10% per annum. However, this rate increases for certain ethnicities, such as South and East Asian individuals and for those who already display risk factors for type 2 diabetes such as, increased age, being overweight or having higher glycaemic values close to those for type 2 diabetes, and those with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) [Bailey, 2023]. This video interview will highlight the requirement for better criteria to identify high-risk individuals and to identify them early in the type 2 diabetes trajectory. Currently, guidelines for pre-diabetes/IH or type 2 diabetes screening state that it should be considered in asymptomatic adults who are overweight or obese or who have one or more risk factors (e.g. history of cardiovascular disease, first degree relative with diabetes, hypertension/on therapy for hypertension, individuals with PCOS, or those diagnosed with GDM [ADA, 2024]. For other individuals, screening should begin at 35 years of age.
At the end of this video interview, learners will:
Clinicians involved in endocrinology, particularly diabetes, pre-diabetes/IH, obesity management and general practice.
English with voice over into Spanish and Chinese
Video Interview
The risk factors for developing pre-diabetes/IH and type 2 diabetes - focus on GDM and PCOS
Martin Savage is Emeritus Professor of Paediatric Endocrinology at William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London. He was head of the Paediatric Endocrine Unit at Barts and the London School of Medicine from 1982 to 2007. He has interests in growth disorders, specifically those with abnormalities in the GH-IGF-1 axis and in phenotype-genotype relationships of GH-IGF-1 axis defects, notably GH resistance. He published the first human case of an IGF-1 gene defect in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1996. His other interests are Cushing’s syndrome and growth in chronic inflammatory diseases. He was General Secretary of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) from 1997 to 2004. He has lectured in 60 countries and has published 482 original articles, reviews, textbook chapters and books. In 2007, he was awarded the ESPE Andrea Prader Prize for contributions to paediatric endocrinology and in 2018 he received a Visionary Award from the American Human Growth Foundation. In 2022, he received a Research Excellence Award from the Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal in Riyadh, and the British Society of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes James M. Tanner Lifetime Achievement Award. He continues to lecture nationally and internationally.
Ernesto Maddaloni, MD, PhD, currently holds the position of Associate Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease at the Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Diabetes, Sapienza University of Rome. He also holds international collaborations, as a past fellow of the Joslin Diabetes Center (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA), and holding a position as Research Associate at the Diabetes Trial Unit, University of Oxford, UK, which he joined in in 2017 as a mentee of the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) Future Leaders Mentorship Program. Dr Maddaloni actively pursue studies on clinical diabetes, cardiovascular outcomes and novel diabetes complications. His research interests focus on the study of adults with autoimmune diabetes and the interplay between vascular complications, bone health and autoimmunity. Dr Maddaloni has been a study investigator and coordinator for several national and international clinical trials and has published as lead author in several top-ranked peer-reviewed international medical journals (for publication list see: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/1xGOuoCbV1uAs/bibliography/public/). His scientific achievements have been recognized with several awards, including the 2015 Albert Renold Fellowship from the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes, the 2017 (under 32) and 2021 (under 35) Young Investigator Awards from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), the 2017 Early Investigator Award from the Endocrine Society (USA) and the 2020 Young (under 35) Investigator Award and the Alcmeone award from the Italian Society of Diabetes (SID).
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